Agricultural tractor core components include the transmission system, power system, control system, etc.
The following introduces their working principles and technological breakthroughs:
Transmission System
Working Principle
Synchronizer: It uses the friction of the synchronizing ring to make the gears to be meshed reach the same rotational speed, thus realizing smooth shifting and avoiding shifting impact.
Power Reversing: Usually, it involves a hydraulic control system. By operating the control lever or button, the hydraulic system pushes the reversing mechanism to realize the switching between forward and backward, enabling the tractor to change direction without interrupting power transmission.
Power - shifting: Composed of an electronic control unit (ECU) and a hydraulic system, it can monitor the working status of the tractor.
The ECU automatically adjusts the gear according to the load and speed requirements to achieve the function of automatically selecting the best gear during the tractor's driving process.
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT): In the tractor, CVT usually realizes the adjustment of the transmission ratio by changing the contact area of two conical surfaces, which can continuously adjust the transmission ratio.
Technological Breakthroughs
Multi - plate Multi - group Wet Clutch: The torque density is increased by more than 200% compared with the traditional dry single - plate clutch, the heat capacity is increased, and the heat dissipation efficiency is increased by 3 times.
The service life is extended by 5 times to more than 5000 hours. The electro - hydraulic proportional precise control is adopted, and the pressure control accuracy reaches ±0.02MPa, which is 10 times higher than that of the mechanical type.
Multi - layer Planetary Nesting Technology: The power density is increased. For example, the power density of the three - planetary compound structure can reach 210kW/L. The transmission ratio range is expanded.
The total transmission ratio of the Fendt 1000 Vario gearbox is expanded to 36.7:1. The vibration acceleration is reduced by 73% from 15g to 4g, and the gear meshing noise is reduced by 8dB(A).
Power System
Working Principle
Diesel Engine: The diesel engine sucks in air during the intake stroke, compresses the air during the compression stroke to make its temperature and pressure rise, sprays diesel fuel into the cylinder during the power stroke, the diesel fuel burns and does work, and expels the exhaust gas during the exhaust stroke, converting the internal energy of the fuel into mechanical energy to provide power for the tractor.
Technological Breakthroughs
Emission Reduction Technology: In order to meet the increasingly stringent emission standards, diesel engines are constantly improving combustion technology, such as adopting common - rail injection technology to make the fuel injection more accurate, improving combustion efficiency, and reducing emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
Energy - saving Technology: The application of turbocharging and intercooling technology can increase the intake air volume of the engine, improve the power output and fuel economy of the engine.
Control System
Working Principle
Intelligent Control System: It is equipped with a dense sensor network that can collect key parameters such as hydraulic oil temperature, pressure, clutch status, and output shaft speed in real - time.
The ECU is the intelligent core, which uses a multi - core processor and a dedicated control algorithm to process the data streams from the engine, hydraulic system, agricultural tools, and operation interface at the same time, and then controls the operation of the tractor.
Technological Breakthroughs
Autonomous Navigation Technology: Combined with technologies such as GPS and RTK, tractors can achieve autonomous navigation.
For example, John Deere's tractor can plan the optimal operation route according to the field map and operation requirements and automatically drive along the route.
Integration of IoT and Big Data Technology: Through the Internet of Things technology, tractors can upload data such as their own performance and soil conditions to the cloud platform.
Big data analysis technology can mine valuable information from these data, such as predicting crop yields and diagnosing tractor failures in advance.
